JAMB Area of Concentration for Art Subject 2027/2028

The JAMB Area of Concentration for Art Subject 2027/2028 covers the main topics and practical areas you need to study for the examination.

Art requires you to understand elements and principles of design, art terminology, historical art periods, Nigerian and African art, artistic techniques, tools, materials and equipment. You should also understand how art functions in society and how to appreciate both natural and man-made aesthetic objects.

The subject covers both theoretical and practical knowledge. This means you should be able to identify art concepts, compare styles and techniques, recognize important artists and artworks, and understand how different materials and tools are used.

As you revise, pay attention to the relationship between art history, design, practical techniques and art appreciation. This will help you use the JAMB Art topics as a clear guide for your study and practice.

Read also: Arts JAMB Syllabus 2026/2027 Download PDF

Classification of Art

Art can be grouped into three major branches: Visual Arts, Performing Arts and Literary Arts.

You should be able to identify each branch and understand the main difference between them.

Visual Arts

Visual Arts are forms of art that are mainly created to be seen.

They include:

• Fine Arts
• Applied Arts

Fine Arts include artistic works created mainly for visual expression and appreciation.

Applied Arts involve artistic designs that are also connected with practical or functional use.

You should understand the distinction between Fine Arts and Applied Arts and be able to identify examples that belong to each area.

Performing Arts

Performing Arts are forms of art presented through performance.

They include:

• music;
• dance;
• drama.

These art forms usually involve performers presenting ideas, emotions or stories before an audience.

You should be able to distinguish Performing Arts from forms of art that are mainly produced as physical or written works.

Literary Arts

Literary Arts use words and language as the main means of expression.

They include:

• poetry;
• prose;
• recitals.

You should understand how Literary Arts differ from Visual Arts and Performing Arts.

Differences Between the Three Branches of Art

The main difference lies in the way each branch communicates ideas.

• Visual Arts communicate mainly through images, forms and designs.
• Performing Arts communicate through live or recorded performance.
• Literary Arts communicate mainly through written or spoken language.

You should be able to classify an art form correctly according to the branch it belongs to.

Elements and Principles of Design

The elements and principles of design are important foundations of visual art. They help artists organize ideas, create attractive compositions and analyse artworks correctly.

You should understand the difference between elements of design and principles of design.

Elements of Design

Elements of design are the basic visual parts used to create an artwork.

Important elements include:

• line;
• colour;
• shape;
• form;
• texture;
• tone;
• value;
• space.

Line

A line is a mark that moves from one point to another.

Lines may be straight, curved, thick, thin, horizontal, vertical or diagonal.

Artists use lines to:

• create outlines;
• show direction;
• divide areas;
• suggest movement;
• create patterns.

Colour

Colour is an important visual element that can affect the appearance and mood of an artwork.

Artists use colour to create:

• contrast;
• harmony;
• emphasis;
• visual interest.

You should be able to identify how colour is used within a composition.

Shape

A shape is a flat enclosed area.

Shapes may be geometric or irregular.

They are commonly used in drawing, painting, graphics and textile design.

Form

Form refers to the three-dimensional quality of an object.

It shows height, width and depth.

Forms may appear in actual three-dimensional works such as sculpture or may be represented in drawings and paintings.

Texture

Texture refers to the surface quality of an object or artwork.

It may describe how a surface actually feels or how it appears to feel.

A surface may appear:

• smooth;
• rough;
• soft;
• hard;
• uneven.

Tone and Value

Tone and value deal with differences between light and dark areas.

They can help an artist create:

• depth;
• volume;
• contrast;
• realistic appearance.

You should understand how changes in light and dark can make flat shapes appear three-dimensional.

Space

Space refers to the area within, around or between objects in an artwork.

Artists use space to organize objects and create a sense of distance or depth.

Principles of Design

Principles of design explain how the elements of art are arranged within a composition.

Important principles include:

• balance;
• rhythm;
• proportion;
• harmony;
• contrast;
• repetition;
• dominance;
• variety.

Balance

Balance is the arrangement of visual elements so that a composition appears stable.

You should be able to identify how visual weight is distributed within an artwork.

Rhythm

Rhythm is created when visual elements are arranged in a way that suggests movement or flow.

It may be produced through repeated lines, shapes, colours or patterns.

Proportion

Proportion refers to the relationship between the sizes of different parts of an artwork.

Correct proportion helps parts of an object or figure relate properly to one another.

Harmony

Harmony occurs when different parts of an artwork work well together.

It creates a sense of unity within the composition.

Contrast

Contrast is created when different elements are placed together to show clear differences.

Examples may involve differences in:

• colour;
• shape;
• size;
• tone;
• texture.

Contrast can make certain areas of an artwork stand out.

Repetition

Repetition involves using an element more than once within a design.

Artists may repeat:

• lines;
• shapes;
• colours;
• motifs;
• textures.

Repetition can help create rhythm and unity.

Dominance

Dominance refers to the part of an artwork that attracts the most attention.

It helps establish the main point of interest in a composition.

Variety

Variety involves using differences in visual elements to make an artwork more interesting.

Artists may vary colour, shape, texture, size or other elements while maintaining a clear overall design.

Using Elements and Principles Together

Elements and principles are closely connected.

For example, an artist may repeat shapes to create rhythm, use contrasting colours to create dominance or arrange forms carefully to achieve balance.

When analysing an artwork, you should be able to identify the elements used and explain how the principles help organize them.

Important Art Terms

Art uses special terms to describe materials, techniques, processes and visual effects.

You should understand the meaning of important art terms and be able to connect each one with the correct area of art.

Pigment

A pigment is a substance that gives colour to paint or other art materials.

Pigments may be mixed with a suitable medium to produce paint.

You should understand the role of pigments in painting and colour application.

Motif

A motif is a repeated decorative image, shape or design used in an artwork.

Motifs are common in:

• textile design;
• surface decoration;
• crafts;
• graphic design.

You should be able to identify a motif and explain how repetition can be used in a design.

Greenware

Greenware refers to a clay object that has been formed and dried but has not yet been fired in a kiln.

This term is mainly connected with ceramics.

You should understand the stage at which a ceramic object is described as greenware.

Armature

An armature is a supporting framework used when creating some three-dimensional artworks.

It helps provide shape and support during the construction of the work.

This term is commonly associated with sculpture.

Silhouette

A silhouette is the dark or solid outline of a figure or object seen against a lighter background.

It shows the general shape of the subject without depending on detailed internal features.

You should be able to recognize the use of silhouette in an artwork.

Chiaroscuro

Chiaroscuro refers to the use of strong differences between light and dark areas in an artwork.

Artists use it to create:

• volume;
• depth;
• dramatic contrast;
• a three-dimensional appearance.

You should understand how light and shade can affect the appearance of forms.

Cire Perdue

Cire perdue is a casting technique used in metalwork.

It is also known as the lost-wax process.

You should understand that the technique is associated with the production of metal artworks and sculptures.

Terracotta

Terracotta refers to objects made from fired clay.

It is commonly associated with:

• pottery;
• ceramics;
• sculpture.

You should be able to identify terracotta as an important material and technique in traditional and historical art.

Using Art Terms in Artwork Analysis

Knowing the definitions is not enough.

You should be able to use art terms when discussing an artwork.

For example, you may need to identify:

• the pigment used to create colour;
• a repeated motif in a textile;
• the use of chiaroscuro in a painting;
• terracotta as a material;
• cire perdue as a metal-casting process.

This will help you describe and analyse artworks more accurately.

Historical Dimensions of Art

The history of art helps you understand how artistic ideas, materials, techniques and styles have changed over time.

You should be able to identify important art periods, compare their features and recognize the artists and movements connected with them.

Prehistoric Art

Prehistoric Art refers to artistic works produced before written historical records became common.

You should pay attention to the materials, styles and techniques associated with this period.

When studying Prehistoric Art, focus on how early artists represented people, animals and their environment.

Greek Art

Greek Art is an important part of the historical study of art.

You should understand its materials, styles and techniques and be able to compare them with those of other periods.

Pay attention to the qualities that make Greek Art different from later artistic traditions.

Roman Art

Roman Art should also be studied in terms of:

• materials;
• styles;
• techniques;
• artistic characteristics.

You should be able to compare Roman Art with Greek Art and identify important differences in their artistic approaches.

Medieval Art

Medieval Art includes important developments in:

• architecture;
• surface decoration;
• calligraphy.

You should understand the main features of these areas and recognize how they contributed to the artistic style of the Medieval Period.

Renaissance Art

The Renaissance was an important period in the development of European art.

You should understand the works and styles of major Renaissance artists.

Important artists include:

• Giotto Di Bondone;
• Michelangelo Buonarroti;
• Leonardo da Vinci;
• Raphael (Raffaello Santi).

You should be able to compare these artists according to their works and styles.

Giotto Di Bondone

Giotto Di Bondone is one of the artists connected with Renaissance Art.

You should be able to recognize his place within the period and compare his artistic style with those of other Renaissance artists.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Michelangelo Buonarroti is another important Renaissance artist.

When studying him, focus on his works and artistic style.

You should be able to distinguish his artistic approach from those of the other artists studied in this period.

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci is one of the major artists associated with Renaissance Art.

You should understand his works and style and be able to compare them with those of other Renaissance artists.

Raphael

Raphael, also known as Raffaello Santi, is another important Renaissance artist.

You should study his works and style as part of your understanding of Renaissance Art.

19th and 20th Century Art Movements

The 19th and 20th centuries produced different art movements with their own styles, ideas and techniques.

Important movements include:

• Impressionism;
• Realism;
• Futurism;
• Cubism;
• Bauhaus;
• Pop Art;
• Abstract Expressionism;
• Fauvism.

You should be able to distinguish between these movements.

Impressionism

Impressionism is one of the important movements you should recognize.

When studying it, focus on its artistic style, techniques and influence.

Realism

Realism should be studied in terms of its main characteristics and how its approach differs from other movements.

You should be able to identify works or artistic features associated with it.

Futurism

Futurism is another important movement.

You should understand its style, techniques and innovations and be able to separate its features from those of other movements.

Cubism

Cubism is an important 20th-century art movement.

You should understand its distinctive style and how it differs from movements such as Realism and Impressionism.

Bauhaus

Bauhaus should be studied as one of the major modern art movements.

Pay attention to its style, techniques, innovations and influence.

Pop Art

Pop Art is another movement you should be able to identify and distinguish from earlier art traditions.

Focus on its major stylistic characteristics and influence.

Abstract Expressionism

Abstract Expressionism should be studied according to its style, techniques and artistic characteristics.

You should understand how it differs from more representational forms of art.

Fauvism

Fauvism is also part of the 19th and 20th century art movements you need to study.

You should be able to recognize its major features and compare it with other modern movements.

Comparing Historical Art Periods and Movements

Do not study the periods and movements only as separate names.

You should be able to compare them according to:

• materials;
• styles;
• techniques;
• artistic characteristics;
• innovations;
• influences.

This will help you understand how art changed from one historical period to another.

Traditional African Art

Traditional African Art covers important artistic traditions from different parts of Africa.

You should be able to identify these traditions and study them according to their styles, materials, techniques and locations.

Important areas include:

• Egypt;
• Ashanti;
• Dogon;
• Mossi;
• Fon;
• Senufo;
• Bambara;
• Mende;
• Kissi;
• Bamileke;
• Bakumba.

Egyptian Art

You should study Egyptian Art as one of the important African artistic traditions.

Pay attention to its:

• location;
• materials;
• artistic style;
• techniques.

You should be able to recognize its characteristics and compare them with those of other African traditions.

Ashanti Art

Ashanti Art should be studied according to its style, materials and location.

You should understand the features that distinguish it from other African artistic traditions.

Dogon Art

When studying Dogon Art, focus on:

• its location;
• materials used;
• artistic style;
• techniques.

You should be able to identify its distinguishing features.

Mossi Art

You should understand the artistic characteristics associated with Mossi Art.

Study its style, materials and location and compare it with other traditional African art forms.

Fon Art

Fon Art is another important area.

You should be able to recognize its artistic features and understand the materials and techniques associated with it.

Senufo Art

When revising Senufo Art, study its:

• location;
• artistic style;
• materials;
• techniques.

You should be able to distinguish it from other African traditions.

Bambara Art

You should study Bambara Art according to its major artistic characteristics.

Pay attention to the way its works can be classified by style, material and location.

Mende Art

Mende Art should also be studied as part of Traditional African Art.

You should understand its location and be able to recognize the main characteristics of its works.

Kissi Art

For Kissi Art, focus on the artistic style, materials and location connected with the tradition.

You should be able to compare its works with those from other African groups.

Bamileke Art

You should understand the main features of Bamileke Art and be able to identify it according to its artistic style and location.

Bakumba Art

Bakumba Art is another traditional African art area you should know.

Study its:

• style;
• materials;
• techniques;
• location.

Comparing Traditional African Art

Do not memorize only the names of the artistic traditions.

For each one, you should be able to consider:

• where it is located;
• the materials associated with its works;
• its artistic style;
• techniques used;
• important characteristics.

You should also be able to compare different African artistic traditions and identify similarities and differences in their styles and techniques.

Traditional Nigerian Art

Traditional Nigerian Art covers important artistic traditions from different parts of Nigeria.

You should be able to identify these traditions and study them according to their styles, materials, characteristics, functions and locations.

Important areas include:

• Nok;
• Igbo-Ukwu;
• Ife;
• Benin;
• Esie;
• Igala;
• Jukun;
• Akwashi;
• Mbari.

Nok Art

You should study Nok Art as one of the major traditional Nigerian art traditions.

Focus on:

• its artistic style;
• materials used;
• location;
• important characteristics.

You should also be able to recognize works associated with Nok and distinguish them from other Nigerian traditions.

Igbo-Ukwu Art

Igbo-Ukwu Art is another important area.

You should understand its:

• style;
• materials;
• location;
• artistic characteristics.

Be able to compare Igbo-Ukwu works with those from other traditional Nigerian art centres.

Ife Art

When studying Ife Art, pay attention to:

• its style;
• materials;
• location;
• functions;
• characteristics.

You should be able to identify works connected with Ife and explain the features that distinguish them.

Benin Art

Benin Art should be studied according to its:

• artistic style;
• materials;
• functions;
• characteristics;
• location.

You should be able to compare Benin Art with other Nigerian art traditions.

Esie Art

You should understand the main features of Esie Art.

Study its:

• location;
• materials;
• style;
• characteristics.

You should be able to recognize works associated with Esie.

Igala Art

Igala Art is another traditional Nigerian art area you should know.

Focus on its:

• artistic style;
• materials;
• location;
• functions;
• characteristics.

Jukun Art

When revising Jukun Art, study the features that help identify its works.

Pay attention to:

• style;
• materials;
• location;
• characteristics.

Akwashi Art

You should also study Akwashi Art.

Understand its location and be able to classify its works according to:

• style;
• materials;
• artistic characteristics.

Mbari Art

Mbari Art is another important traditional Nigerian artistic tradition.

You should study its:

• style;
• materials;
• location;
• functions;
• characteristics.

Comparing Traditional Nigerian Art

Do not memorize only the names of the traditions.

For each one, you should be able to consider:

• where it is found;
• the materials associated with its works;
• its artistic style;
• its major characteristics;
• the functions of the works where required.

You should also be able to compare the different traditions and classify artworks according to their styles, materials and locations.

Nigerian Crafts

Nigerian crafts are practical and decorative art forms produced with different materials and techniques.

You should understand the major types of crafts and be able to recognize their materials, methods and artistic uses.

Important Nigerian crafts include:

• pottery;
• woodwork;
• cloth weaving;
• carving;
• leatherwork;
• metalwork;
• beadwork;
• body decoration;
• mat weaving;
• cane weaving.

Pottery

Pottery involves shaping clay into useful or decorative objects.

You should understand pottery as an important traditional craft and be able to identify the materials and techniques connected with it.

Woodwork

Woodwork involves the use of wood in producing artistic or functional objects.

You should be able to recognize wood as an important material in Nigerian craft production.

Cloth Weaving

Cloth weaving involves producing fabric by arranging threads together.

You should understand weaving as both a practical and decorative craft.

Pay attention to the materials, patterns and techniques associated with woven cloth.

Carving

Carving involves cutting or shaping a material to create a form or design.

You should understand how carving is used in the production of artistic objects.

Leatherwork

Leatherwork involves using leather to produce useful and decorative items.

You should understand the material and the basic artistic processes connected with this craft.

Metalwork

Metalwork involves the use of metals in producing artistic and functional objects.

You should be able to identify metal as a major craft material and understand the techniques used in working with it.

Beadwork

Beadwork involves arranging beads to create decorative objects or designs.

It may be used in personal decoration and other forms of artistic production.

You should understand how beads contribute to colour, pattern and decoration.

Body Decoration

Body decoration involves the artistic decoration of the human body.

You should understand it as part of traditional artistic expression and cultural practice.

Mat Weaving

Mat weaving involves arranging suitable materials into woven surfaces.

You should understand the basic materials and techniques connected with this craft.

Cane Weaving

Cane weaving involves the use of cane materials to produce functional or decorative objects.

You should be able to distinguish it from other forms of weaving.

Studying Nigerian Crafts

For each craft, focus on:

• the material used;
• the method of production;
• the finished object;
• the artistic qualities;
• the location where relevant.

You should also be able to compare different crafts according to their materials and techniques.

Contemporary Nigerian Art

Contemporary Nigerian Art focuses on the development of modern artistic practice in Nigeria, especially through art schools, artist groups, individual artists, museums, galleries and cultural institutions.

You should understand how these people and institutions have contributed to the growth of Nigerian art.

Nigerian Art Schools and Groups

Important art schools and groups include:

• Zaria;
• Nsukka;
• Osogbo Group.

You should understand the origins and influence of these schools and groups on Nigerian art.

Pay attention to the artistic ideas, styles and approaches connected with each one.

Zaria

The Zaria art school is one of the important centres in the development of modern Nigerian art.

You should understand its influence and how artists connected with the school contributed to Nigerian artistic development.

Nsukka

The Nsukka art school also played an important role in contemporary Nigerian art.

You should understand its influence and the artistic approaches associated with artists connected with it.

Osogbo Group

The Osogbo Group is another important artistic group.

You should be able to identify its place in Nigerian art and understand its influence on artistic development.

Nigerian Artists and Art Educators

Important Nigerian artists and art educators include:

• Aina Onabolu;
• Ben Enwonwu;
• S. I. Wangboje;
• Jimoh Akolo;
• Dele Jegede.

For each artist, you should pay attention to:

• major works;
• specialization;
• techniques;
• artistic style;
• contribution to Nigerian art.

Aina Onabolu

Aina Onabolu is one of the important figures in Nigerian art.

You should understand his place in the development of modern Nigerian art and be able to assess his work, specialization, techniques and style.

Ben Enwonwu

Ben Enwonwu is another major Nigerian artist.

You should study his works and understand the techniques and style associated with his artistic practice.

S. I. Wangboje

S. I. Wangboje is included among the important Nigerian artists and art educators.

You should understand his contribution, specialization, techniques and artistic style.

Jimoh Akolo

Jimoh Akolo is another important figure in contemporary Nigerian art.

You should be able to identify his contribution and understand the characteristics of his work.

Dele Jegede

Dele Jegede is also an important Nigerian artist and art educator.

You should understand his specialization, techniques and contribution to Nigerian art.

Studying Contemporary Nigerian Artists

Do not memorize only the names of the artists.

For each one, focus on:

• the type of work produced;
• area of specialization;
• techniques used;
• artistic style;
• contribution to Nigerian art.

You should also be able to compare the artists and explain how their works differ.

Influence of Art Schools and Groups

Art schools and groups have helped shape contemporary Nigerian art.

You should understand how they can influence:

• artistic styles;
• techniques;
• teaching of art;
• development of new artistic ideas;
• growth of professional art practice.

Understanding these influences will help you connect individual artists with the wider development of Nigerian art.

Museums, Galleries and Art Institutions

Museums, galleries, art centres and cultural institutions play important roles in the preservation, display and development of art.

You should understand their functions and how they contribute to artistic growth and cultural awareness.

Museums

A museum is a place where important objects, artworks and cultural materials are preserved and displayed.

Museums help to:

• preserve artworks and cultural objects;
• protect important historical materials;
• educate the public;
• support research;
• promote cultural awareness.

You should understand how museums contribute to the development and preservation of art.

Art Galleries

An art gallery is a place where artworks are displayed for public viewing.

Art galleries may present works such as:

• paintings;
• drawings;
• sculptures;
• photographs;
• crafts;
• other visual artworks.

You should understand how galleries help artists present their works and allow the public to appreciate art.

Art Centres

Art centres support artistic activities, exhibitions and creative development.

They may provide spaces for:

• exhibitions;
• training;
• workshops;
• performances;
• cultural activities.

You should understand their contribution to the growth of art and the development of artists.

Art Institutions

Art institutions support the teaching, promotion and development of art.

They may provide formal training and help students and artists develop their artistic skills.

You should understand how these institutions influence art education and professional artistic practice.

Cultural Art Centres

Cultural art centres help preserve and promote cultural traditions through artistic activities.

They may support:

• traditional crafts;
• exhibitions;
• festivals;
• performances;
• cultural education.

You should understand their importance in connecting art with cultural identity.

Nigerian Society for Education through Arts

The Nigerian Society for Education through Arts (NSEA) is one of the organizations connected with art development.

You should understand its role in supporting art education and artistic activities.

Society for Nigerian Artists

The Society for Nigerian Artists (SNA) is another important art organization.

You should understand its role in promoting Nigerian artists and supporting the development of visual art.

National Council for Arts and Culture

The National Council for Arts and Culture (NCAC) is also connected with the promotion of arts and culture.

You should understand its role in supporting artistic and cultural activities.

Importance of Art Organizations

Art organizations can contribute to:

• promotion of artists;
• preservation of culture;
• art education;
• exhibitions;
• artistic development;
• public appreciation of art.

You should be able to assess the roles and impact of museums, galleries, art centres and national art organizations on the development of art.

Major Nigerian Festivals

Festivals are important areas of Nigerian art and culture.

They bring together different forms of artistic expression and help you understand how art is connected with cultural activities.

Important festivals to study include:

• Argungu Fishing Festival;
• Eyo;
• Egungun;
• Iri-ji or New Yam Festival;
• Durbar;
• Igue;
• Ekpo;
• Odo.

Argungu Fishing Festival

You should recognize the Argungu Fishing Festival as one of the major Nigerian festivals.

When studying it, focus on its connection with art and culture and how festival activities can encourage artistic expression.

Eyo Festival

The Eyo Festival is another important festival you should know.

You should be able to examine its relationship with Nigerian art and cultural expression.

Egungun Festival

You should also study the Egungun Festival.

Pay attention to how festivals such as this can provide opportunities for artistic and cultural activities.

Iri-ji or New Yam Festival

The Iri-ji Festival, also known as the New Yam Festival, is included among the major festivals you should study.

You should understand its place within Nigerian culture and consider how artistic activities may form part of festival expression.

Durbar Festival

The Durbar Festival is another important area.

You should recognize it and understand its connection with the wider study of Nigerian art and culture.

Igue Festival

You should study the Igue Festival as part of the major Nigerian festivals.

Focus on its cultural importance and its relationship with artistic expression.

Ekpo Festival

The Ekpo Festival should also be included in your revision.

You should be able to identify it and understand its place in Nigerian cultural activities.

Odo Festival

The Odo Festival is another festival listed for study.

You should recognize it and consider how it contributes to the relationship between art and culture.

Festivals and the Development of Art

When revising Nigerian festivals, do not memorize only their names.

You should be able to examine how festivals can influence:

• artistic activities;
• cultural expression;
• public appreciation of art;
• preservation of cultural practices.

The main focus is to understand the impact of major festivals on art and culture.

Artistic Skills, Techniques and Processes

Artistic skills, techniques and processes deal with the practical methods used to create artworks.

You should understand the major areas of two-dimensional art, perspective, sculpture, ceramics, crafts and computer graphics.

You should also be familiar with how tone, composition and colour are applied in artistic work.

Two-Dimensional Art

Two-dimensional art has height and width but does not have actual depth.

Important areas include:

• drawing;
• painting;
• graphics;
• textile design.

You should understand the techniques, skills and processes used in each area.

Drawing

Drawing involves creating images with lines, tones and shapes.

When studying drawing, pay attention to:

• line;
• proportion;
• tone;
• composition;
• form;
• texture.

You should understand how these elements can be combined to represent objects and ideas.

Painting

Painting involves applying colour or pigment to a surface.

You should understand the importance of:

• colour application;
• tone;
• composition.

A good understanding of these areas will help you analyse how a painting is organized and how visual effects are created.

Graphics

Graphics involves the creation of visual designs for communication and artistic expression.

You should understand the basic techniques and processes used in graphic work.

Pay attention to how line, shape, colour, text and composition may be organized within a design.

Textile Design

Textile design involves producing designs for fabrics.

You should understand how colour, pattern and motifs can be arranged to create textile designs.

The principles of repetition, rhythm, balance and harmony may also be useful when studying textile work.

Perspective

Perspective is used to create the appearance of depth and distance on a flat surface.

You should understand the different types of perspective and know how perspective rules are applied in drawing.

Important types include:

• linear perspective;
• angular perspective;
• aerial perspective;
• parallel perspective.

Linear Perspective

Linear perspective uses lines and vanishing points to create the appearance of depth.

You should understand how objects appear to become smaller as they move farther away from the viewer.

Angular Perspective

Angular perspective is used when an object is viewed from an angle.

You should understand how lines can move toward different vanishing points to create a realistic impression of depth.

Aerial Perspective

Aerial perspective creates depth by showing how objects appear different as their distance from the viewer increases.

You should understand it as one of the methods used to create the illusion of space.

Parallel Perspective

You should also recognize parallel perspective and understand how it differs from the other types of perspective.

Important Perspective Terms

You should know the meanings and uses of the following terms:

• foreground;
• picture plane;
• eye level;
• vanishing point;
• foreshortening;
• optical illusion;
• depth.

Foreground

The foreground is the area of an artwork that appears closest to the viewer.

It is usually seen before the middle and distant areas.

Picture Plane

The picture plane refers to the flat surface on which an image is created or represented.

Eye Level

Eye level represents the height of the viewer’s eyes when looking at a scene.

It is important when constructing perspective.

Vanishing Point

A vanishing point is the point where parallel lines appear to meet in the distance.

It is an important feature in perspective drawing.

Foreshortening

Foreshortening is used to make an object or part of an object appear shorter because it extends toward or away from the viewer.

It helps create a three-dimensional effect on a flat surface.

Optical Illusion

An optical illusion occurs when an image creates a visual effect that differs from the actual physical form.

Artists may use visual techniques to influence how the viewer sees space, form or movement.

Depth

Depth is the appearance of distance from the front to the back of an artwork.

Perspective, tone, overlapping forms and size differences can help create the impression of depth.

Sculpture

Sculpture is a three-dimensional form of art.

You should understand the techniques, skills and processes involved in creating sculptural works.

Pay attention to how materials are shaped, joined or formed to produce three-dimensional objects.

Ceramics

Ceramics involves the use of clay and related processes to create objects.

You should understand the techniques and processes involved in forming and producing ceramic works.

Terms such as greenware and the use of a kiln are also connected with this area.

Crafts

Craft production involves practical artistic skills used to create functional or decorative objects.

You should understand the techniques and processes involved in producing different craft works.

Computer Graphics

Computer graphics involves the use of digital tools to create visual designs.

An important application to study is CorelDraw.

You should understand its connection with graphic design and the production of digital visual materials.

Tone, Composition and Colour Application

When studying artistic techniques, pay special attention to:

• tone, which helps show light and dark;
• composition, which refers to how visual elements are arranged;
• colour application, which affects the appearance and mood of an artwork.

These three areas are important when creating and analysing two-dimensional artworks.

Applying Artistic Techniques

You should not study techniques only as definitions.

You should be able to connect each technique with the correct area of art and understand how it is used in producing artworks.

This includes recognizing:

• the correct type of perspective;
• the appropriate artistic process;
• the function of tone and composition;
• the use of colour;
• the relationship between materials and techniques.

Art Tools, Materials and Equipment

Art production requires the correct use of tools, materials and equipment.

You should be able to identify them, explain their uses and understand how they are maintained.

Two-Dimensional Art Tools

Common tools used in two-dimensional art include:

• brushes;
• lino cutters;
• drawing instruments;
• calligraphic pens;
• sharpeners.

Each tool has a specific function, so you should know where and how it is used.

Brushes

Brushes are commonly used in painting and other forms of colour application.

You should be able to identify different brushes and understand how they are used and maintained.

Lino Cutters

Lino cutters are used when working with lino.

You should understand their role in cutting and producing designs during printmaking processes.

Drawing Instruments

Drawing instruments are used for accurate lines, measurements and construction.

You should know how they are used in drawing and design work.

Calligraphic Pens

Calligraphic pens are used for decorative and artistic writing.

You should understand their connection with calligraphy and lettering.

Sharpeners

Sharpeners help maintain drawing tools such as pencils.

Proper sharpening can improve accuracy when drawing lines and details.

Two-Dimensional Art Materials

Important materials include:

• pencils;
• charcoal;
• pastel;
• crayon;
• fixative;
• fabric;
• dyes;
• lino;
• wood blocks.

You should understand the artistic area in which each material is used.

Pencils

Pencils are basic drawing materials.

They can be used for:

• sketching;
• outlining;
• shading;
• tonal effects.

Charcoal

Charcoal is useful for drawing and tonal work.

It can produce strong dark areas as well as lighter shades.

Pastel

Pastel is used to produce coloured drawings.

You should understand how it differs from other colouring materials.

Crayon

Crayon is another colour medium used in drawing and design.

It can be used to create different visual effects depending on the technique applied.

Fixative

A fixative is used to help protect certain drawing materials from rubbing or smudging.

You should understand its role when working with materials such as charcoal or pastel.

Fabric and Dyes

Fabric and dyes are important materials in textile design.

You should understand how colour and pattern can be applied to fabric during textile production.

Lino and Wood Blocks

Lino and wood blocks are materials used in printmaking.

You should be able to connect them with the correct artistic processes.

Art Equipment

Some art processes require larger or more specialized equipment.

Important examples include:

• air compressor;
• spray gun;
• enlarger;
• computer.

Air Compressor

An air compressor can be used with equipment that requires compressed air.

You should understand its role in suitable artistic processes.

Spray Gun

A spray gun is used to apply colour or other materials by spraying.

You should understand how it is operated and maintained.

Enlarger

An enlarger is an important piece of equipment connected with image production.

You should understand its use within the appropriate art process.

Computer

A computer is used in modern visual art and design.

It can support:

• computer graphics;
• layout;
• digital design;
• other visual production processes.

You should understand how computers can be used as artistic equipment.

Maintenance of Art Tools and Equipment

Proper maintenance helps tools and equipment remain useful.

You should know how to:

• clean tools after use;
• store materials properly;
• handle equipment carefully;
• prevent unnecessary damage;
• use each item for its correct purpose.

You should also be able to operate and maintain the art equipment connected with the different artistic processes.

Using the Correct Tool or Material

It is important to match each tool, material or piece of equipment with the correct task.

For example, a lino cutter should be connected with lino work, while fabric and dyes belong to textile design.

Learning these relationships will help you identify the correct materials and equipment for different areas of art.

Improvisation of Art Tools and Materials

Improvisation in art means finding suitable alternatives when the usual tools, materials or equipment are not available.

You should understand how artists can adapt available materials for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional art.

Improvisation in Two-Dimensional Art

Two-dimensional art may require alternatives for items such as:

• colours;
• brushes;
• calligraphic pens.

You should be able to identify suitable substitutes that can still perform the required artistic function.

Improvising Colours

When standard colours are not available, an artist may need to work with other suitable colouring materials.

The important point is to understand the purpose of the material and choose an alternative that can produce the required visual effect.

Improvising Brushes

Brushes are used for applying colour and creating different marks.

You should understand that an alternative tool may be used when it can perform a similar function.

The choice should depend on the type of artistic work being produced.

Improvising Calligraphic Pens

Calligraphic pens are used for decorative lettering and artistic writing.

You should understand how another suitable writing or marking tool may be adapted when the standard pen is unavailable.

Improvisation in Three-Dimensional Art

Three-dimensional art may also require improvised tools and equipment.

Important examples include:

• spatula;
• kiln;
• beater.

You should understand the function of each item before considering an alternative.

Spatula

A spatula is used in some three-dimensional art processes for handling or shaping materials.

You should be able to identify another suitable tool that can perform a similar function where necessary.

Kiln

A kiln is associated with processes that require firing or heating, especially ceramics.

When studying improvisation, focus on understanding why the equipment is needed and what function an alternative method would have to perform.

Beater

A beater is another tool connected with three-dimensional art processes.

You should understand its purpose and how another suitable object may be adapted to perform a similar task.

Choosing Suitable Alternatives

Improvisation should not be random.

Before selecting an alternative, consider:

• the function of the original tool;
• the material being used;
• the artistic process involved;
• whether the substitute can perform the required task effectively.

You should be able to recognize when improvisation is necessary and choose alternatives that fit the artistic process.

Art Appreciation

Art Appreciation involves understanding and responding to the aesthetic qualities of natural and man-made objects.

You should be able to identify what makes an object or environment visually interesting and explain how people respond to artistic and natural beauty.

Man-Made Aesthetic Objects

Man-made aesthetic objects are created by people.

Examples include:

• architecture;
• sculpture;
• other artistic structures and objects.

You should be able to examine their visual qualities and understand how design, form, material and function contribute to their appearance.

Architecture

Architecture combines practical function with artistic design.

When appreciating architecture, pay attention to:

• shape;
• form;
• proportion;
• balance;
• surface decoration;
• materials;
• overall appearance.

You should understand how buildings and structures can be appreciated as works of art.

Sculpture

Sculpture is another important man-made aesthetic form.

You should consider:

• form;
• texture;
• material;
• proportion;
• space;
• overall design.

You should be able to explain how these features contribute to the visual quality of a sculptural work.

Natural Aesthetic Phenomena

Natural aesthetic phenomena are attractive features of the environment that are not created by people.

Important examples include:

• Zuma Rock;
• Ikogosi Warm Springs.

You should understand how natural forms, colours, textures and surroundings can create aesthetic interest.

Zuma Rock

Zuma Rock is an example of a natural feature that can be appreciated for its visual qualities.

When studying it, focus on its appearance as part of the Nigerian environment and how natural forms can create aesthetic value.

Ikogosi Warm Springs

Ikogosi Warm Springs is another natural phenomenon to study.

You should understand how natural environments can be appreciated for their visual and environmental qualities.

Natural and Man-Made Aesthetic Phenomena

You should be able to distinguish between the two.

Natural aesthetic phenomena occur in nature, while man-made aesthetic objects are created by people.

Examples:

• Zuma Rock is natural.
• Ikogosi Warm Springs is natural.
• Architecture is man-made.
• Sculpture is man-made.

Appreciating Aesthetic Qualities

When appreciating an object or environment, pay attention to features such as:

• line;
• colour;
• shape;
• form;
• texture;
• proportion;
• balance;
• harmony;
• overall appearance.

You should be able to explain why a natural or man-made object has aesthetic value rather than simply identifying it.

Art Appreciation helps you connect the elements and principles of design with the way people experience beauty in artworks and the environment.

Meaning and Functions of Art in Society

Art is a form of human expression that uses creative ideas, skills, materials and techniques to communicate meaning or produce objects and experiences with aesthetic value.

Art is not limited to decoration. It can serve different purposes in society.

You should understand the meaning of art and the major functions it performs in people’s lives.

Religious Function of Art

Art can serve religious purposes.

It may be used in objects, images, buildings, decorations and other forms connected with religious activities.

You should understand how art can support religious expression and practices.

Social Function of Art

Art can contribute to social life by bringing people together and helping communities express shared experiences.

Artistic activities may be connected with social events and community activities.

You should understand how art can support interaction and social values.

Cultural Function of Art

Art can help express and preserve culture.

It may reflect:

• customs;
• traditions;
• beliefs;
• festivals;
• artistic practices.

Through art, cultural ideas can be preserved and passed from one generation to another.

Political Function of Art

Art can also serve political purposes.

Artists may use visual communication to present political ideas, messages or public issues.

You should understand that art can be used as a means of communication within society.

Therapeutic Function of Art

Art may also have a therapeutic function.

Creative activities can be used as forms of expression and may contribute to emotional or personal well-being.

You should recognize therapeutic use as one of the important functions of art.

Economic Function of Art

Art can provide economic opportunities.

Artists may earn income through the production and sale of artworks and through different visual art careers.

Art can therefore contribute to economic activities and employment.

Art and Societal Values

Art can be used to support and promote values within society.

It can communicate ideas and help people understand cultural, social and other important issues.

You should be able to explain how art contributes to society beyond its visual appearance.

Functions of Art in the Media

Art also plays an important role in the media.

Important functions include:

• advertisement;
• education;
• recreation.

Art in Advertisement

Art is used in advertisement to communicate information and attract attention.

Visual design can help make messages clear and appealing.

Art in Education

Art can also support education.

Images, illustrations and other visual materials can be used to explain ideas and communicate information.

Art in Recreation

Art can provide recreation through activities that people enjoy for relaxation and entertainment.

You should understand how artistic experiences can contribute to leisure and enjoyment.

Understanding the Role of Art

When studying the functions of art, pay attention to how art can meet:

• religious needs;
• social needs;
• cultural needs;
• political needs;
• therapeutic needs;
• economic needs.

You should also understand its role in advertisement, education and recreation.

This will help you see art as an important part of society rather than only as the production of beautiful objects.

Art Entrepreneurship

Art Entrepreneurship deals with the career and business opportunities available in Visual Arts.

You should understand that art can provide different forms of employment and professional specialization.

Career Opportunities in Visual Arts

Important career areas include:

• Ceramist;
• Curator;
• Textile designer;
• Industrial designer;
• Sculptor;
• Photographer;
• Cartoonist;
• Illustrator.

Ceramist

A ceramist works mainly with clay and ceramic materials.

The work may involve producing functional or decorative ceramic objects.

You should understand the connection between this career and ceramic techniques and processes.

Curator

A curator is connected with the organization, care and presentation of artworks and collections.

This career is closely related to museums, galleries and art institutions.

Textile Designer

A textile designer creates designs for fabrics and related materials.

This career involves knowledge of:

• colour;
• pattern;
• motifs;
• composition;
• textile techniques.

Industrial Designer

An industrial designer applies artistic and design principles to the development of useful products.

You should understand the connection between design, function and appearance in this career.

Sculptor

A sculptor creates three-dimensional artworks.

This career involves knowledge of form, materials, tools and sculptural techniques.

Photographer

A photographer creates images using photographic equipment.

Photography may be used for artistic, documentary or commercial purposes.

You should understand photography as one of the professional areas within Visual Arts.

Cartoonist

A cartoonist creates drawings used to communicate ideas, messages or stories.

Cartoons may be used in areas such as media, illustration and visual communication.

Illustrator

An illustrator produces images that help explain or support written ideas.

Illustrations may be used in books, advertisements and other forms of visual communication.

Understanding Art Careers

When studying Art Entrepreneurship, do not only memorize the job titles.

You should be able to connect each career with the relevant artistic skill or area.

For example:

• ceramics connects with a ceramist;
• textile design connects with a textile designer;
• sculpture connects with a sculptor;
• museums and galleries connect with curatorial work;
• drawing and visual communication connect with cartooning and illustration.

Understanding these relationships will help you identify the different job opportunities available in Visual Arts.

How to Use the JAMB Art Topics for Revision

Art revision should combine theory, identification, comparison and practical understanding.

Do not study only definitions. You should also understand how art concepts, techniques, materials and historical styles are applied.

Revise the Elements and Principles Together

Start with the basic elements of design:

• line;
• colour;
• shape;
• form;
• texture;
• tone;
• value;
• space.

Then connect them with principles such as:

• balance;
• rhythm;
• proportion;
• harmony;
• contrast;
• repetition;
• dominance;
• variety.

Practise identifying how these elements and principles appear in artworks.

Learn Art Terms With Their Applications

Do not memorize art terms without knowing where they are used.

For example, connect:

• greenware with ceramics;
• armature with sculpture;
• chiaroscuro with light and dark effects;
• cire perdue with metal casting;
• terracotta with fired clay;
• motif with repeated decorative design.

This will help you use the terms correctly when analysing artworks.

Study Art History by Period and Style

Organize historical art into groups such as:

• Prehistoric Art;
• Greek Art;
• Roman Art;
• Medieval Art;
• Renaissance Art;
• 19th and 20th century art movements.

For each period, focus on:

• materials;
• techniques;
• styles;
• important characteristics.

For Renaissance Art, also connect major artists such as Giotto Di Bondone, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael with their artistic styles.

Compare Modern Art Movements

Learn to distinguish between movements such as:

• Impressionism;
• Realism;
• Futurism;
• Cubism;
• Bauhaus;
• Pop Art;
• Abstract Expressionism;
• Fauvism.

Study their styles, techniques, innovations and influences rather than memorizing the names alone.

Revise African and Nigerian Art by Location and Features

For Traditional African Art, study each tradition according to:

• location;
• materials;
• style;
• techniques.

For Traditional Nigerian Art, pay attention to:

• Nok;
• Igbo-Ukwu;
• Ife;
• Benin;
• Esie;
• Igala;
• Jukun;
• Akwashi;
• Mbari.

You should be able to classify works according to their style, materials, characteristics, functions and location.

Study Nigerian Crafts Practically

For crafts such as pottery, weaving, carving, leatherwork, metalwork and beadwork, learn:

• the material used;
• the production process;
• the finished object;
• the artistic technique involved.

This makes it easier to connect craft names with their practical uses.

Connect Nigerian Artists With Their Styles

For contemporary Nigerian art, study important figures such as:

• Aina Onabolu;
• Ben Enwonwu;
• S. I. Wangboje;
• Jimoh Akolo;
• Dele Jegede.

For each artist, focus on:

• works;
• specialization;
• techniques;
• style.

Also revise the influence of the Zaria, Nsukka and Osogbo art groups.

Learn the Roles of Art Institutions

You should understand the functions of:

• museums;
• galleries;
• art centres;
• cultural institutions;
• art organizations.

Also revise organizations such as NSEA, SNA and NCAC and their roles in the development of art.

Review Major Festivals

Learn the major Nigerian festivals included in the Art topics:

• Argungu Fishing Festival;
• Eyo;
• Egungun;
• Iri-ji;
• Durbar;
• Igue;
• Ekpo;
• Odo.

Focus on their connection with art and culture.

Practise Perspective

Perspective should not be studied only as a definition.

Make sure you understand:

• linear perspective;
• angular perspective;
• aerial perspective;
• parallel perspective.

Also learn terms such as:

• foreground;
• picture plane;
• eye level;
• vanishing point;
• foreshortening;
• optical illusion;
• depth.

You should be able to recognize how these ideas help create the appearance of distance and space.

Revise Art Tools and Materials by Use

For each tool or material, learn what it is used for.

Examples include:

• brushes;
• lino cutters;
• drawing instruments;
• calligraphic pens;
• pencils;
• charcoal;
• pastel;
• crayon;
• fixative;
• fabric;
• dyes;
• lino;
• wood blocks.

Also understand equipment such as:

• air compressor;
• spray gun;
• enlarger;
• computer.

Pay attention to correct use and maintenance.

Understand Improvisation

Know how artists may use suitable alternatives when standard tools, materials or equipment are unavailable.

Focus on the function of the original item before deciding what can replace it.

Connect Art Appreciation With the Environment

Practise distinguishing between:

• natural aesthetic phenomena;
• man-made aesthetic objects.

Examples include:

• Zuma Rock;
• Ikogosi Warm Springs;
• architecture;
• sculpture.

Use the elements and principles of design when discussing their aesthetic qualities.

Study the Functions of Art

Learn how art can serve:

• religious needs;
• social needs;
• cultural needs;
• political needs;
• therapeutic needs;
• economic needs.

Also revise the role of art in:

• advertisement;
• education;
• recreation.

Learn Visual Art Career Opportunities

Connect each career with the relevant art area.

Important examples include:

• ceramist;
• curator;
• textile designer;
• industrial designer;
• sculptor;
• photographer;
• cartoonist;
• illustrator.

This will help you understand Art Entrepreneurship as part of the subject.

Combine Reading With Identification and Comparison

As you revise, practise questions that require you to:

• identify;
• classify;
• compare;
• distinguish;
• analyse;
• relate;
• assess;
• explain.

This will help you prepare across both the theoretical and practical areas of the JAMB Art topics.

Recommended Texts for JAMB Art

The following books can support your study of art fundamentals, African and Nigerian art, artistic techniques, design, crafts and art appreciation:

• Banjoko I. (2000), Visual Arts Made Easy: Textbook for Schools and Colleges, Movic Publishing Company Ltd.
• Egonwa O. D. (1991), African Art: A Contemporary Source Book, Osasu Publishers.
• Egunlae S. A. (1985), The Essential Ground Work in Art and Design, Omotola Standard Press and Bookshop (Nig.) Ltd.
• Erese U. O. and Ogunsina E. D. (1989), Creative Arts and Crafts for J.S.S., Onibonoje Press.

Read also: Full List of JAMB Recommended Textbooks for Art 2027/2028

These texts can help you strengthen your understanding of design, art history, Nigerian and African art, practical artistic techniques and other important areas of the subject.

Key Points to Remember

• Art is classified into Visual Arts, Performing Arts and Literary Arts.
• Important elements of design include line, colour, shape, form, texture, tone, value and space.
• Important principles of design include balance, rhythm, proportion, harmony, contrast, repetition, dominance and variety.
• Learn important art terms such as pigment, motif, greenware, armature, silhouette, chiaroscuro, cire perdue and terracotta.
• Historical Art includes Prehistoric, Greek, Roman, Medieval and Renaissance Art.
• Important Renaissance artists include Giotto Di Bondone, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael.
• Major 19th and 20th century movements include Impressionism, Realism, Futurism, Cubism, Bauhaus, Pop Art, Abstract Expressionism and Fauvism.
• Traditional African Art should be studied according to style, materials, techniques and location.
• Important Traditional Nigerian Art areas include Nok, Igbo-Ukwu, Ife, Benin, Esie, Igala, Jukun, Akwashi and Mbari.
• Nigerian crafts include pottery, woodwork, cloth weaving, carving, leatherwork, metalwork, beadwork, body decoration, mat weaving and cane weaving.
• Important contemporary Nigerian art centres and groups include Zaria, Nsukka and Osogbo.
• Study Nigerian artists such as Aina Onabolu, Ben Enwonwu, S. I. Wangboje, Jimoh Akolo and Dele Jegede according to their works, specialization, techniques and styles.
• Understand the functions of museums, galleries, art centres and national art organizations.
• Major festivals such as Argungu, Eyo, Egungun, Iri-ji, Durbar, Igue, Ekpo and Odo should be connected with their impact on art and culture.
• Practical Art covers drawing, painting, graphics, textile design, perspective, sculpture, ceramics, crafts and computer graphics.
• Important perspective terms include foreground, picture plane, eye level, vanishing point, foreshortening, optical illusion and depth.
• You should know how to identify, use and maintain important art tools, materials and equipment.
• Understand how suitable alternatives can be improvised when standard tools or materials are unavailable.
• Art Appreciation includes both natural and man-made aesthetic phenomena.
• Art can serve religious, social, cultural, political, therapeutic and economic functions.
• Art also plays important roles in advertisement, education and recreation.
• Visual Art careers include ceramist, curator, textile designer, industrial designer, sculptor, photographer, cartoonist and illustrator.
• Combine theory with identification, comparison, analysis and practical understanding when revising Art.

Frequently Asked Questions

Conclusion

The JAMB Area of Concentration for Art Subject 2027/2028 covers the major areas you need to understand, including art classification, elements and principles of design, art history, African and Nigerian art, artistic techniques, tools, materials, art appreciation and Art Entrepreneurship.

To prepare well, combine theory with practical understanding. Make sure you can identify important art terms, distinguish between historical styles and movements, recognize Nigerian and African art traditions, and explain how tools, materials and techniques are used.

Give enough attention to perspective, art appreciation, museums and galleries, Nigerian artists, festivals, functions of art and visual art careers because these areas connect art with both society and practical application.

Use the topic areas as a guide for your revision and make sure you understand how the different parts of Art relate to one another.

If you have any questions about the JAMB Art topics, you can ask in the comment section. You can also share this guide with other students who may find it useful.